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The host’s genetic profile can change the gut microbial response to CPF exposure.
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Still, long-term exposure seems to amplify spontaneous vertical activity and female activity after acute stress in Wistar rats. It was observed that exposed mice gut microbiota showed an increment in Proteobacteria phylum and a decrement in Bacteroidetes phylum, suggesting that these phyla are mainly affected by CPF exposure. Long-term exposure to CPF in mice could raise gut absorbency, reducing the gene expression of tight junction proteins such as occludin, claudin 1, and ZO-1, both in ileum and colon. It has been hypothesized that CPF could modify the gut microbiota composition in a diet-specific manner, even if authors observed differences only at the taxonomic level of genus and species but not at phylum. Moreover, gut histological structures and the microbial community were altered intestinal villi were shorter and thinner, and probiotic bacteria resulted as being lower in the ileum, caecum and colon. Rats born from an exposed mother to oral CPF administration were smaller and lighter than non-exposed. Chronic exposure seems not only to affect the gut but also influence serum gonadotropins levels (follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and testosterone) and raise proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and TNF-α) in rats, suggesting a potential role in the development of infertility and colitis. Many recent studies have investigated the effect of this toxicant in animal models, mainly rats and mice. Ĭhlorpyrifos (CPF) represents one of the most used organophosphorus pesticides. The loss of stability of a healthy microbiota leads to the transition from eubiosis to dysbiosis and, consequently, pathological conditions ranging from inflammatory damage to chronic degenerative diseases, including tumours and neurological disorders. Furthermore, the gut microbiota is indispensable for the development and maturation of the gastrointestinal tract, a protective barrier against pathogenic microorganisms and toxins. The intestinal microbiota acts as an interface between foods, allows the assimilation of nutrients, helps the digestion of fibres, participates in the synthesis of some vitamins and amino acids, and regulates the absorption of fatty acids, calcium and magnesium. Several scientific studies point out that maintaining a healthy GM plays a key role in human health. The microbiota composition and diversity remain relatively stable throughout life, although some changes have been observed in infancy and old age. The intestinal bacterial community can be mainly divided into 2172 species isolated in human beings, classified into 12 different phyla, of which 93.5% belong to Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes.
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The GM is complex and challenging to characterize. About 10–100 trillion symbiotic microbial cells live in the human intestine the intestinal microbiota’s main components are bacteria species taxonomically classified by genus, family, order, and phyla. The GM refers to the complex set of gut-resident bacteria, fungi and viruses that have mutualistic relationships with their host.